The hallmarks of aging

Key finding

Defines the nine hallmarks of aging (genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, deregulated nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem-cell exhaustion, altered intercellular communication) — the organising framework for longevity science.

Method / model

Landmark consensus review.

Relevance

Top-level framework for Hallmarks of Aging and the Longevity protocol.

López-Otín, C. et al. (2013). The hallmarks of aging. Cell, 153(6), 1194-1217.